Posted By Matthew Delaney on August 7, 2009

“But what good is the evidence and what good is the argument? They are determined to kill us regardless of evidence, of law, of decency, of everything. If they give us a delay tonight, it will only mean they will kill us next week. Let us finish tonight. I’m weary of waiting seven years to die, when they know all the time they intend to kill us.”
–Nicola Sacco, August 22, 1927
My great-grandparents came to America in 1914 from Sicily. Seven years later, two Italian guys you’ve probably never heard of– Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti– were convicted of robbery and murder, and six years after that, they were electrocuted. I never met my great-grandfather (he died in 1963), but I knew my great-grandmother Concetta. On a shelf above her kitchen sink were two little figurines of mustachioed Italian musicians; she called one “Sacco” and the other “Vanzetti”.
Think about that for a moment. Sacco and Vanzetti were executed in 1927. More than half a century later, my great grandmother still had knicknacks on a shelf she called by their names. Did she know them? No. Was she bitter about their arrest, trial and execution? You bet. There was a time when everyone in America who wasn’t a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant was too. Let me tell you why. First, however, I want to take the issue of whether either of the two were innocent or guilty and throw it away. As you’ll see, it doesn’t matter. When we’re done, if you still want to know, I’ll tell you.
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italians of modest means who immigrated to America in the same year, 1908. They would not meet each other until 1917. Both were radicals: Sacco and Vanzetti were “Galleanists”, supporters of Luigi Galleani, an anarchist who preached the overthrow of capitalism by violent means. In the early Twentieth century, anarchism and Communism were powerful ideas, and working-class people all over the world were being urged to cast off the yoke of oppression, take back the means of production, and overthrow their rich masters. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the entire Western world was terrified that the working class would unite and turn capitalist society on its ear. In the US, this fear reached hysterical proportions during the “Red Scare” of 1917-1920.
A series of bombings by anarchist groups during those years had convinced many Americans that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent, and the country was terrified. Bomb scares were an everyday occurrence; newspaper cartoons lampooned bomb wielding, bearded anarchists. When Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested, they were told they were under suspicion of being radicals and were subject to deportation. Because they feared that their ties to Galleani would be exposed, they lied to police about their whereabouts and doings in the days leading up to their arrest. These lies would be used as proof of their guilt when the two men were tried for the robbery and murder of a paymaster and his security guard.
At 3:00 p.m. on April 15, 1920, Frank Parmenter and his guard, Alex Berardelli, were carrying cashboxes containing a factory payroll of $15, 776 through the main street of South Braintree, Massachussetts. Two men standing by a fence suddenly pulled guns and shot Parmenter and Berardelli, then retrieved the cashboxes and jumped into a waiting car. The gang of robbers (either four or five men) then sped off. Three weeks later, two men, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, fell into a trap set by police for one of the robbery suspects (who was never caught). Although not under suspicion for the robbery initially, both Sacco and Vanzetti were armed at the time of their arrest, and both lied to police. As a result, both were eventually charged for the robbery and murder of Parmenter and Berardelli. Vanzetti was further charged for a similar attempted robbery half a year earlier n Bridgewater, Mass.
The trial of Sacco and Vanzetti began in May of 1921. Vanzetti had already (despite a strong alibi and several supporting witnesses) been found guilty of attempted robbery in the Bridgewater case; now the two men stood trial for the South Braintree murders. Presiding over the trial was Judge Webster Thayer; the defense counsel was Fred Moore, a California lawyer who had made his name defending “radicals”. Thayer hated Moore from the start and made no bones about it: he stopped the proceedings several times to lecture Moore about Massachusetts law in front of the entire courtroom. Judge Thayer also made no bones about the fact that he considered Sacco and Vanzetti “…the enemy of our existing institutions.” According to sworn affidavits, onlookers overheard Thayer say of Sacco and Vanzetti he would “get them good and proper.”
Despite the fact that none of the prosecutions witnesses were reliable, despite the alibis put forth for both Sacco and Vanzetti, neither were able to overcome their radical connections in the wake of the Red Scare. Two Italian immigrants who spoke poor English, were armed when arrested, and who lied to the police, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted of robbery and murder on July 14, 1921. It is worthy to note that they were convicted not on direct evidence, but on circumstantial evidence, specifically, evidence which the prosecution believed indicated “consciousness of guilt”. Basically, they acted like guilty men, ergo, they must have been guilty. Both men were sentenced to death.
Gradually, in the wake of their sentencing, people awoke to the unjust manner in which Sacco and Vanzetti were tried and convicted. Many famous people of the day, including HG Wells, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Upton Sinclair, George Bernard Shaw and Bertrand Russell campaigned for a retrial– all to no avail.

demonstrating in London
On August 23, 1927, Sacco and Vanzetti were executed by electrocution. In his last address to the judge after all appeals were exhausted, Vanzetti said:
“I would not wish to a dog or a snake, to the most low and misfortunate creature of the Earth– I would not wish to any of them what I have had to suffer for things I am not guilty of. But my conviction is that I have suffered for things I am guilty of. I am suffering because I am a radical, and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because I am an Italian, and indeed I am an Italian… If you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already.”
In the years following the deaths of Sacco and Vanzetti, some remembered and some forgot. In 1977, Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis issued a proclamation stating that Sacco and Vanzetti had been treated unjustly and that “any stigma and disgrace should be forever removed from their names.” The issue, said Dukakis, is not guilt or innocence, but that “the high standards of justice…failed Sacco and Vanzetti.”
As I said at the outset, the innocence or guilt of Sacco and Vanzetti has nothing to do with the unjust arrest, trial, and execution of two immigrant Italians who were, quite simply, the “wrong sort of people.” For those of you who really need to know, I’ll tell you this: advances in ballistics have since shown that one of the two (Sacco) was most likely guilty of shooting the paymaster and his guard. The question is: does this excuse a biased judge, poor witnesses and bad police work? I say it does not. A legal system is not Machiavellian– the ends do not justify the means. Discuss.
Tweet This Post
Digg This Post
Reddit This Post
Category: Non-fiction, Random |
Comments
Tags: legal, Massachusetts, Sacco and Vanzetti